Subcategories of the mechanisms neurophysiological mechanisms of pain.

Somatic system:

– Bones (bone fracture, metastasis);
– Muscles (dystonia, muscle spasm);
– Joints (osteoarthritis) and;
– Skin (postoperative pain, burns).

Visceral system:

– Mucosal injury (peptic ulcer);
– capsular obstruction or distension (gallstones, kidney gallstones, kidney stones);
– Ischemia (angina, mesenteric ischemia) and;
-Tissue damage (cancer, cirrhosis).

Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances. The Lancet. 2021.

Central:

– Traumatic (spinal cord injury);
– Vascular (stroke);
– Neurodegenerative (Parkinson’s Parkinson’s disease);
– Autoimmune (multiple sclerosis) and;
– Inflammatory (transverse myelitis).

Peripheral:

– Infections (HIV, acute herpes zoster or herpes neuralgia); Infectious herpes neuralgia);
– Nerve compression (carpal tunnel syndrome);
– Trauma (complex regional pain syndrome type 2);
– Metabolic (amyloidosis, nutritional deficiencies);
– Ischemic (peripheral vascular disease, diabetes);
– Toxic (chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy);
– Autoimmune (Guillain-Barré syndrome) and;
– Genetic (hereditary neuropathy).

Causes:

– Diffuse sensitization (fibromyalgia);
– Primary visceral/functional pain (irritable bowel syndrome, irritable, irritable bowel syndrome, bladder pain syndrome), and bladder pain syndrome) and;
– Regional somatic sensitization (complex regional pain
complex regional pain syndrome type 1, temporomandibular
temporomandibular disorder).

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Impaired nociception:

– Peripheral sensitization (sodium channel proliferation, sympathetic-afferential sodium channel proliferation, sympathetic-afferent coupling);
– central sensitization (activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate, cortical reorganization); central sensitization (activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate, cortical reorganization);
– Decreased descending inhibition (periaqueductal and medulla periaqueductal and rostroventromedial medulla), and;
– Activation of the immune system (glial cells, chemokines, cytokines and other inflammatory mediators.

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